Alexander Haig's Dark Side - Roman Catholic War Criminal

       
Tom Shachtman Author, 'The Forty Years War: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons, from Nixon to Obama'  Posted: February 21, 2010 02:22 PM

Alexander Haig's Dark Side

Former Secretary of State Alexander Haig is now posthumously being recast as the quintessential soldier-patriot. The truth is, he had a dark side: wiretapping for Richard Nixon, facilitating the operations of a military spy ring that stole classified documents from the White House, sabotaging peace negotiations over Vietnam and détente with the USSR, and unduly hastening Nixon's exit from office. Haig is most lauded as the man who, according to conventional wisdom, held the presidency together during the depths of Watergate. But that evaluation obscures Haig's true role in the Nixon White House.

He began to come to prominence in 1968 when Fritz Kraemer, who had helped Haig rise within the Pentagon, recommended him to another protégé, Henry Kissinger, as Kissinger's military advisor on the Nixon National Security Council. Haig shared Kraemer's militarist, simplistic, anti-Communist, anti-diplomacy view of the world and of America's place in it.

At the NSC, even before Haig finished elbowing rivals out of the way to become Kissinger's deputy, he was up to his eyeballs in questionable activities, submitting the names of targets for the wiretapping of newsmen and NSC and Pentagon staffers, and reading the resulting wiretap logs, though he later denied involvement or said he had done everything at Nixon's request. Nixon had no reason to think of tapping Secretary of Defense aide Robert Pursley, but Haig had been butting heads with Pursley.

Haig quickly learned how to curry favor with Nixon: by feeding the president's need to be bellicose. The White House tapes reveal Haig as the ultimate sycophant, urging Nixon to smite the enemy in Vietnam, unleash the bombs, stand tough against the Soviets, and, not incidentally, to keep Kissinger in his place -- all in the violent, pusillanimous language that philosopher Lionel Rubinoff so aptly labeled "the pornography of power." Nixon rewarded Haig with one star, two stars, four stars.

What has not been generally understood until the recent publication of The Forty Years War, by Len Colodny and me, is that despite Nixon's attention and assistance, Haig consistently undermined the president, primarily because of his antagonism toward what he saw as Nixon's radical foreign policies. Haig channeled Kraemer's views that diplomacy was useless and détente a farce, that the Russians could never be trusted, that the Chinese were playing us, and that the war in Vietnam could be won on the battlefield if only Nixon would stop withdrawing 10,000 troops a month.

Furthering the militarist agenda, Haig facilitated the operations of a military spy ring that stole classified national security documents from Kissinger and from the National Security Council, and therefore from the president, and conveyed them to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for the purpose of slowing the détente express. The JCS leaked some classified information to the press, embarrassing Nixon and coming close to capsizing U.S. policy toward the India and Pakistan, then at war with each other. On December 21, 1971, when the stunned Nixon learned of the existence of the spy ring, he labeled it "a federal offense of the highest order." For political reasons, he decided not to prosecute anyone for it; and, oblivious to Haig's involvement because of a bureaucratic slip-up, gave him more and more responsibilities.

Haig, for his part, fought successfully through the remaining years of the Nixon Administration to keep secret his involvement in that espionage.

Dispatched to Phnom Penh, Haig exceeded Nixon's instructions and told Lon Nol that the U.S. would continue to fight in Cambodia even after Congress had expressly forbidden further American incursions there and Nixon had agreed to that restriction. Visiting Vietnam to bring back honest reports of the war's progress, Haig returned with rosy ones that belied what soldiers in the field said to him. Jumped over hundreds of generals so that Nixon could appoint him Vice-Chief of Staff of the Army, Haig was in that job only a few months before being brought back to the White House in May 1973 as chief of staff. Thus began what Colodny and I call "The Haig Administration."

As we document in our book, Haig returned to the White House with a secret to protect and an agenda to pursue. "Al controlled everything, everybody and everything," former White House aide Larry Higby told us about this era. That control was far from benevolent. For instance, during this period he worked closely with another Kraemer friend, Democratic Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, to allow Jackson to effectively block progress on détente. Haig and his long-term friend J. Fred Buzhardt had been brought into the White House primarily to protect the president from the mounting mess of Watergate. But at every turn they worked to hasten Nixon's exit from office.

We reveal for the first time, based on a close reading of White House documents and tapes, that within days of taking the reins at the White House, Haig maneuvered Nixon into not claiming executive privilege to prevent Lt.-General Vernon Walters -- an old friend of the president's -- from testifying to Congress and turning over a crucial "memcon." The memcon contained Walters' account of the June 23, 1972 meeting at the White House of himself, CIA Director Richard Helms, and Nixon aides John Ehrlichman and H. R. Haldeman, in which the Nixon aides conveyed the need to have the CIA block the FBI's investigation into Watergate. That memcon, and Walters' testimony, would lead investigators directly to the "smoking gun" tape that eventually sealed Nixon's fate.

A month after the Walters memcon affair, Haig assured that Alexander Butterfield would reveal the White House taping system in testimony to the Senate Watergate Committee by concealing from Nixon the fact that Butterfield was about to testify, thus preventing the president from forbidding that testimony on the grounds of executive privilege, which Nixon later wrote that he would have done.

In October 1973, according to then-attorney general Elliot Richardson, Haig's duplicity exacerbated a bad situation with Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox until it mushroomed into the Saturday Night Massacre -- the resignations of Richardson and his deputy, and the firing of Cox -- which spurred the first calls for Nixon's impeachment.

During this period, Haig frequently usurped the president's power, telling a delegation from a high-level security panel who insisted on seeing Nixon, "I am the president" and sending them away.

Some have said that Haig acted imperially and hastened Nixon's exit to protect the country. But as the evidence we have found makes clear, Haig's aims in the Nixon White House in 1973-74 were always to protect himself and aggrandize his own power.

In 1981, when President Reagan was shot, Haig told the Cabinet and the press, "As of now, I am in control here in the White House," and by this obvious mis-stating of the correct chain of succession forever disqualified himself from further high office. In retrospect he claimed his outburst had been no more than a "poor choice of words;" rather, the statement was symptomatic of Haig's lifelong attitude toward democratically elected public officials and presidential power.


Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (December 2, 1924 – February 20, 2010) was a United States Army general who served as the United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[1] He also served as Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, the number-two ranking officer in the Army,[2] and as Supreme Allied Commander Europe commanding all U.S. and NATO forces in Europe.

A veteran of the Korean War and Vietnam War, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart.[3]

On February 20, 2010, Haig died from complications from a staphylococcal infection after being hospitalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore on January 28, 2010.

Haig was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, just outside of Philadelphia. He was the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig, Sr., a Republican lawyer, and his wife Regina Anne Murphy.[5] When Haig was 10, his father died of cancer, and his Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic church.[6] He attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia and graduated from Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. He then studied at the University of Notre Dame for two years, before transferring to the United States Military Academy, where he graduated in 1947. Haig earned a master's degree in business administration from Columbia Business School in 1955, and a master's degree in international relations from Georgetown University in 1961. His thesis was on the role of military officers in making national policy.



59th United States Secretary of State In office January 22, 1981 – July 5, 1982 President     Ronald Reagan Deputy     William P. Clark Walter John Stoessel, Jr. Preceded by     Edmund Muskie Succeeded by     George Shultz 5th White House Chief of Staff In office 1973–1974 President     Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Preceded by     H. R. Haldeman Succeeded by     Donald Rumsfeld Supreme Allied Commander Europe In office December 16, 1974 – July 1, 1979 Preceded by     Gen. Andrew Goodpaster Succeeded by     Gen. Bernard W. Rogers Deputy National Security Advisor In office 1970–1973 President     Richard Nixon Preceded by     Robert Komer Succeeded by     Brent Scowcroft Born     December 2, 1924 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Died     February 20, 2010 (aged 85) Baltimore, Maryland Political party     Republican Spouse(s)  WIFE   Patricia (nee Fox, 1950–+2010) Alma mater     United States Military Academy Columbia Business School Georgetown University Profession     Soldier, Civil servant Religion     Roman Catholic Signature      Military service Service/branch     United States Army Years of service     1947–1979 Rank     US-O10 insignia.svg General Battles/wars     Korean War Vietnam War Awards     Distinguished Service Cross Defense Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Bronze Star Combat Infantryman Badge Purple Heart Presidential Service Badge

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Korea

As a young officer, Haig served on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in Japan. In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events.[7] Haig later served (1950-51) with the X Corps, as aide to MacArthur's Chief of Staff, the controversial General Edward Almond,[3] who awarded Haig two Silver Stars and a Bronze Star with Valor device.[8] Haig participated in four Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Inchon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, and the evacuation of Hu(ngnam[7] as Almond's aide.
Pentagon assignments

Haig served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (DCSOPS) at the Pentagon (1962-64), and then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. He then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, continuing in that service until the end of 1965.


Vietnam

In 1966 Haig took command of a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam. On May 22, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the US Army's second highest medal for valor, by General William Westmoreland as a result of his actions during the battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[9] During the battle, Haig's troops (of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division (United States) became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by three to one. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig's official Army citation follows:

    When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force ... the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong ... (HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[10]

Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam,[9] and was eventually promoted to Colonel, becoming a brigade commander of the 1st Infantry Division (United States) in Vietnam.


West Point

At the end of his one-year tour, Alexander Haig returned to the continental United States to become Regimental Commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at West Point, under the also newly arrived Commandant, Brigadier General Bernard W. Rogers. (Both had served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as Assistant Division Commander and Haig as Brigade Commander.)


Security adviser (1969-1972)

In 1969, he was appointed Military Assistant to the Presidential Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, a position he retained until 1970 when President Richard Nixon promoted Haig to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until 1973, when he was appointed to be Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, a post he held until the last few months of President Nixon's tenure, during which he served as White House Chief of Staff.

White House Chief of Staff (1973-74)

Photo: Chief of Staff Haig (far right), Sec. of State Kissinger, Rep. Ford and President Richard Nixon meet on October 13, 1973, regarding Ford's upcoming appointment to Vice-President.

Haig served as White House Chief of Staff during the height of the Watergate affair from May 1973 until September 1974, taking over the position from H.R. Haldeman, who resigned on April 30, 1973, while under pressure from Watergate prosecutors.

Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate,[1] and was seen as the "acting president" in Nixon's last months.[4] Haig also played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Nixon had been assured of a pardon by then-Vice President Gerald Ford if he would resign. In this regard, in his 2001 book "Shadow," author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and Ford during the final days of Watergate. According to Woodward, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.

Haig remained White House Chief of Staff during the early days of the Ford Administration until Donald Rumsfeld replaced him in September 1974. By that time, Ford, in a highly controversial move, had pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as president. Author Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council early in Nixon's first term, wrote that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well.[11]

NATO Supreme Commander (1974-79)

From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), the Commander of NATO forces in Europe, and Commander-in-Chief of United States European Command (CinCUSEUR). A creature of habit, Haig took the same route to SHAPE every day - a pattern of behavior that did not go unnoticed by terrorist groups. On June 25, 1979, Haig was the victim of an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium. A land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was traveling, narrowly missing Haig's car, but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[12] Authorities later attributed responsibility for the attack to the Red Army Faction (RAF). In 1993 a German Court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former RAF member, to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt.[12]  (look up GLADIO in wikipedia!  He was responsible for false flag terror. )

Civilian positions

Alexander Haig retired as a four-star general from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979, he worked at the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute briefly, and would later serve on that organization's board.[13] Later that year, he was named President, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and Director of United Technologies Corporation (UTC), a job he retained until 1981.

Secretary of State (1981-1982)

In January 1981, Haig was tapped by President Ronald Reagan to be Secretary of State. Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee focused on Haig's role during Watergate. Haig was confirmed by a Senate vote of 93-6.[14] His speeches in this role in particular led to the coining of the neologism "Haigspeak", described in a dictionary of neologisms as "Language characterized by pompous obscurity resulting from redundancy, the semantically strained use of words, and verbosity",[15] leading ambassador Nicko Henderson to offer a prize for the best rendering of the Gettysburg address in Haigspeak.[16]

Reagan assassination attempt

In 1981, following the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters "I am in control here" as a result of Reagan's hospitalization.

    Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course.
    —Alexander Haig , Alexander Haig, autobiographical profile in TIME Magazine, April 2, 1984[17]

Haig was incorrect in his interpretation of the U.S. Constitution concerning both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, which dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The holders of the two offices between the Vice President and the Secretary of State, the Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill) and the President pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, Strom Thurmond), would be required under U.S. law (3 U.S.C. § 19) to resign their positions in order for either of them to become acting President. This was an unlikely event, considering that Vice-President Bush was merely not immediately available. Haig's statement reflected political reality, if not necessarily legal reality. Haig later said,

    I wasn't talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, "Who is in line should the President die?"
    —Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001


Falklands War

In April 1982 Haig conducted shuttle diplomacy between the governments of Argentina in Buenos Aires and the United Kingdom in London after Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands. Negotiations broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19. The British fleet then entered the war zone.
1982 Lebanon War

Haig's report to Reagan on January 30, 1982, shows that Haig feared that the Israelis might start a war against Lebanon.[18] Critics have accused Haig of "greenlighting" the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denies this and says he urged restraint.[19]

A military hawk, Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union.[20] His tenure as Secretary of State was often characterized by his clashes with the more moderate Defense Secretary, Caspar Weinberger.

President Reagan accepted Haig's resignation from State on July 5, 1982.[21] Haig was succeeded by George P. Schultz, who was confirmed on July 16, 1982.[22]


1988 Republican presidential nomination

Haig ran unsuccessfully for the Republican Party nomination for President in 1988. Although he enjoyed relatively high name familiarity, Haig never broke out of single digits in national public opinion polls. He was a fierce critic of then Vice President George H. W. Bush, often doubting Bush's leadership abilities, questioning his role in the Iran Contra Scandal, and using the word wimp in relation to Bush in an October 1987 debate in Texas. Despite extensive personal campaigning and paid advertising in New Hampshire, Haig remained stuck in last place in the polls. Four days before the February 1988 NH primary election, Haig withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Senator Bob Dole, who made an appearance at the press conference, heavily covered by political reporters partly because a snow storm had limited travel by candidates and reporters. Dole, steadily gaining on Bush after beating him handily a week earlier in the Iowa caucus, ended up losing to Bush in NH by ten percentage points. With his momentum regained, Bush easily won the nomination.


Later life and death

Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. At the time of his death, he was the host of 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that included business solutions, expert interview, commentary and field reports.[23] Haig served as a founding member of the advisory board of Newsmax Media, which publishes the conservative web site, Newsmax.com.[24] Haig was co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz. A member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, Haig was also a founding Board Member of America Online.[25]

On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[26] On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former Secretaries of State and Defense. The meeting including briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice, and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[27] Haig's memoirs - Inner Circles: How America Changed The World - were published in 1992.

On February 19, 2010, a hospital spokesman revealed that the 85-year-old Haig had been hospitalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore since January 28 and remained in critical condition.[28] On February 20, Haig died at the age of 85 from complications from a staphylococcal infection that he had prior to admission.[4]

According to The New York Times, his brother, Father Haig said the Army was coordinating a Mass at Fort Myers in Washington and an interment at Arlington National Cemetery, but both would be delayed by about two weeks due to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[4]

Family

Alexander Haig was married to Patricia (née Fox) from 1950 until his death. She is the mother of his three children, all of whom survive him: Alexander Patrick Haig Sr., Managing Director of Worldwide Associates, Inc., and Barbara Haig, "Deputy to President for Policy & Strategy" at the National Endowment for Democracy both of Washington, DC, and Brian Haig, author and military analyst of Hopewell, N.J. Haig's younger brother, Rev. Frank Haig, is a Jesuit priest and professor emeritus of physics at Loyola University in Baltimore, Maryland. He also served as the seventh president of Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, Haig's older sister Regina Haig Meredith was a practicing attorney licensed in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and was a co-founding partner of the firm Meredith, Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey; she died in 2008.

 Military awards  Qualification Badges      * Combat Infantry Badge.svg  Combat Infantryman Badge     * US - Presidential Service Badge.png  Presidential Service Badge  Decorations      * US-DSC-RIBBON.png  Distinguished Service Cross     * Defense Distinguished Service ribbon.svg  Defense Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster     * Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg  Army Distinguished Service Medal     * SilverStar.gif  Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster     * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg  Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters     * Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg  Distinguished Flying Cross with two Oak Leaf Clusters     * Bronze Star ribbon.svg  Bronze Star with "Valor device" and two Oak Leaf Clusters     * Purple Heart BAR.svg  Purple Heart     * Air Medal ribbon.svg  Air Medal with Bronze Numeral 24     * Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg  Army Commendation Medal  Service Medals      * National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg  National Defense Service Medal with Bronze Service Star     * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg  American Campaign Medal     * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg  World War II Victory Medal     * Army of Occupation ribbon.svg  Army of Occupation Medal     * KSMRib.svg  Korean Service Medal with four Bronze Stars     * Vietnam Service Ribbon.svg  Vietnam Service Medal with two Bronze Stars  Foreign Awards      * BaoQuocHuanChuongR.gif  National Order of Vietnam     * Vietnam gallantry cross-w-palm-3d.svg  Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm     * United Nations Service Medal for Korea ribbon.png  United Nations Service Medal     * Vietnam Campaign Medal Ribbon.png  Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal  Further reading      * Dress Grey, by Lucian K. Truscott IV, 1978, ISBN 0385134754. Truscott, scion of a longtime military family (his grandfather Lucian Truscott Jr. was an important World War II general), was a cadet at West Point during Haig's late 1960s stint there; this book is a novel, in which a thinly disguised Haig is portrayed as a central character in a murder and cover-up mystery at West Point. Truscott had earlier (1974) spoken out in The Village Voice, about problems at West Point.     * Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris, Playboy Press, 1982, ISBN 0872237532. Morris, a respected author, was a colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council, early in President Richard Nixon's first term. Morris presents important material on Haig's early life and Army career, as well as deeper and darker material than the official line, on the often seamy dealings of the Nixon White House, including Watergate.     * The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, by Seymour Hersh, Summit Books, New York, 1983, ISBN 0671506889. The book focuses on U.S. foreign policy, directed mainly from the White House by Nixon and Henry Kissinger during Nixon's first term; since Haig eventually became Kissinger's deputy during that era, there is also plenty of material on Haig here, often at variance with the official, sanitized versions.     * Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Affairs, by Alexander Haig, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1984. The book is Haig's account of what happened while he was Secretary of State.  References     1. ^ a b "Alexander Haig, MSN Encarta". Alexander Haig, MSN Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761585441.     2. ^ "ALEXANDER M. HAIG, Assistant to the President: Files, 1973-74". WEBLINKwwwford.utexas.edu/library/guides/Finding%20Aids/Haig,%20Alexander%20-%20Files.htm.     3. ^ a b "Premier Speakers Bureau". http://premierespeakers.com/alexander_haig. [dead link]    4. ^ a b c d Weiner, Tim (February 20, 2010). "Alexander M. Haig Jr., 85, Forceful Aide to 2 Presidents, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. WEBLINKwwwwebcitation.org/5nhqLAZBM. Retrieved February 20, 2010.     5. ^ Hohmann, James (February 21, 2010). "Alexander Haig, 85; soldier-statesman managed Nixon resignation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. WEBLINKwwwwebcitation.org/5nhqZ4BwM. Retrieved February 21, 2010.     6. ^ "Haig's Future Uncertain After a Shaky Start". Anchorage Daily News. 1981-04-11. WEBLINKgoogle.com/newspapers?id=6Yg1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=pJ4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1406,2881203&dq=haig's-future-uncertain-after-a-shaky-start-as-secretary-of&hl=en. Retrieved 2009-12-22.     7. ^ a b Alexander M. Haig, Jr.. "Lessons of the forgotten war". WEBLINKwwwhistorycentral.com/Documents/HaigKorea.html.     8. ^ "UT Biography". https://my.tennessee.edu/portal/page?_pageid=91,55081&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL. [dead link]    9. ^ a b "West Point Citation". WEBLINKwwwaogusma.org/aog/awards/DGA/96-Haigl.htm. [verification needed]   10. ^ "Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, U.S. Army Recipients - Vietnam". WEBLINKwwwhomeofheroes.com/valor/1_Citations/07_RVN-dsc/dsc_07RVN-armyH.html. [dead link]   11. ^ Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, pp. 320-325.   12. ^ a b "German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig". The New York Times. November 25, 1993. WEBLINKwwwnytimes.com/1993/11/25/world/german-guilty-in-79-attack-at-nato-on-alexander-haig.html.    13. ^ Maykuth, Andrew (Feb. 21, 2010). "Philadelphia dominated Haig's formative years". Philadelphia Inquirer. WEBLINKwwwphilly.com/inquirer/world_us/20100221_Philadelphia_dominated_Haig_s_formative_years.html.    14. ^ "AP: Rice Confirmed Despite Dems' Criticisms". WEBLINKwwwcommondreams.org/headlines05/0126-10.htm.    15. ^ Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941-1991, John Algeo, p.231   16. ^ Financial Times, London, March 21 2009   17. ^ "Alexander Haig". Time: p. 22 of 24 page article. April 2, 1984. WEBLINKwwwtime.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.    18. ^ Ronald Reagan edited by Douglas Brinkley (2007) The Reagan Diaries Harper Collins ISBN 978-0-06-0876005 p 66 Saturday, January 30   19. ^ "Alexander Haig". Time. April 9, 1984. WEBLINKwwwtime.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952421,00.html.    20. ^ Waller, Douglas C. Congress and the Nuclear Freeze: An Inside Look at the Politics of a Mass Movement, 1987. Page 19.   21. ^ Ajemian, Robert; George J. Church; Douglas Brew (1982-07-05). "The Shakeup at State". Time. WEBLINKwwwtime.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925497,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-21.    22. ^ Short History of the Department of State, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2010-02-20.   23. ^ "World Business Review with Alexander Haig". WEBLINKwww21cbtv.com/. Retrieved 2008-12-17.    24. ^ General Alexander M. Haig, Jr. joins Newsmax.com advisory board, "PR Newswire", June 21, 2001.   25. ^ "Business Wire AOL-TIme Warner announces its board of directors". WEBLINKfindarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Jan_12/ai_69075111. Retrieved 2008-12-17.    26. ^ "President George W. Bush poses for a photo Thursday, January 5, 2006, in the Oval Office with former Secretaries of State and Secretaries of Defense from both Republican and Democratic administrations, following a meeting on the strategy for victory in Iraq.". The White House. January 5, 2006. WEBLINKgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/images/20060105_d-0300-1-515h.html. Retrieved 2008-12-17.    27. ^ "Bush discusses Iraq with former officials". WEBLINKwwwupi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20060512-111719-8658r.    28. ^ "Haig, top adviser to 3 presidents, hospitalized". Associated Press. February 19, 2010. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. WEBLINKwwwwebcitation.org/5ngfu7qgH. Retrieved February 20, 2010.